Showing results by author "Kelly Mass" in All Categories

The Cathars were different from the mainstream Catholic church in the 13th century. They openly rebelled against some of the hypocritical behavior by priests and leaders, and they established their own deviant beliefs according to the best ability of their conscience. But when it all came down to it, what did this mean? What were those belief systems? What did they think of the crusades in the Middle East? Learn more about the Cathars, a community that made a significant impact during a time of dictatorships, massacres, and persecution of supposed heretics.

Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and writer who was commonly seen as one of the best mathematicians, physicists, and most prominent researchers of perpetuity. He was hailed as a natural theorist in his time. He was a considerable player in the knowledge thought movement. In the year 1687, he wrote Mathematical Concepts of Natural Philosophy, which established classical mechanics. Newton also made considerable advances in optics, and he shares credit for developing infinitesimal calculus with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Mao Zedong has had a tremendous impact on the Chinese nation. During his Great Leap Forward, he was responsible for more deaths than both Hitler and Stalin, making him the biggest mass murderer in history. Mao Zedong, typically called Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who functioned as the starting dad of Peoples's Republic of China (PRC), judgment as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1949 till his death in 1976. Maoism is a Marxist-Leninist dogma that includes his theories, army operations, and political programs.

In this guide to Celtic Mythology, several stories are not only outlined, but narrated elaborately. Others are quickly mentioned, and some historical background about the Celts, Irish, and Scottish is provided to set the stage. Overall, a fantastic guide to both be entertained and informed. Get started now!

Mary I, typically called Mary Tudor and called "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant challengers, ruled as Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 to November 17, 1558. She is well remembered for her attempts to reverse the English Reformation. During her five-year rule, Mary had more than 280 spiritual dissenters burnt at the stake in the Marian persecutions. You might justify it by saying she may not have been much worse than other dictators and royalty around that time, but the fact of the matter is still that she murdered hundreds of people for religious and political reasons.

It doesn’t seem like Enver Pasha was a good man. His war crimes caused the deaths of millions of innocent citizens. Sure, during a war and a collapsing empire, you try to do what you can to stop losing, but I doubt anyone in their right mind can justify his actions, which included the slaughter of minorities in the Ottoman Empire during World War One, and even the Armenian Genocide. And to this day, the Turkish government is still somewhat reluctant to acknowledge the severity of that historical atrocity.

We’ve all had our humble beginnings, and we seemed so innocent as children. However, for some people, given their childhood and circumstances, and then the political or war-driven environment they face, it goes completely wrong. Such was the case for Rudolf Hoess, a cruel, murderous Nazi commander who had been brainwashed by the system that justified his aid in exterminating millions of Jews. Hoess was the commandant of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp for the longest time. Learn more about what Rudolf Hoess did and why he has become so infamous.

I guess during the time I was struggling with middle school peers and worried about what other girls thought of my clothes, something nasty happened approximately 6,500 miles away, which is only an eight-hour flight from where I used to live. Who would have thought that even in the 90s, such atrocities would be committed? The movie Hotel Rwanda has depicted some sad displays of human cruelty, although the brutality of it has mostly been censored for the sake of wider audiences.

The Akkadian empire is one of the oldest civilizations we know of. Dating back to a few thousand years BC, it presents itself with some archaeological finds, as well as long-forgotten mysteries and unanswered questions that will probably remain that way. However, despite of the many secrets this advanced, vast empire holds, it could definitely be worth our time to explore some of the things we do know. We can learn about their language, their government, and, as far as we have sources, about their economy, art, culture, and religion.

Meet Dr. Josef Mengele, a man with a twisted mind who had no compassion for the subjects he experimented on. His methods were cruel. His conclusions were inconclusive, and his sadism hardly knew any boundaries. At the time of WWII, Josef Mengele was a German Schutzstaffel (SS) officer and cosmetic surgeon. He is known for his exploits at the Auschwitz prisoner-of-war camp, where he carried out deadly experiments on slaves, belonged to the team of medical professionals that chose victims for the gas chambers, and was just one of the medical professionals who administered the gas.

At its peak, the Etruscan society of age-old Italy covered circa what's now Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio, and areas of what's now the Po Valley, Emilia-Romagna, Southeastern Lombardy, Southern Veneto, and small parts of Campania. The first proof of an Etruscan society might be traced back to around 900 BC. This is the Iron Age Villanovan culture, which emerged from the former late Bronze Age Proto-Villanovan civilization in the exact same area and is considered the first stage of Etruscan civilization.

The war between the Protestant Netherlands, mostly led by William of Orange, and Catholic Spain was one of the marks in Dutch history. This war had determined the beliefs of many people who now lived along the three rivers that went through the country. Most of the people north of the rivers were Protestant, and most of the believers below them (even throughout Belgium as well) were Catholic. This was no coincidence. The war in the 1600s had become a symbol of Dutch resistance, independence, and the royal family (of Orange).

It’s a hard name to pronounce, but hey, it’s been the legend of Native American peoples for centuries. Was it a man? Was it a god? Was it a white person? Or, was it some animal or strange thing? Quetzalcoatl is an Aztec divine being whose name originates from the Nahuatl language and meaning "valuable snake" or "Quetzal-feathered snake".

William the First, who was also called William the Conqueror, and in some cases, William the Bastard, was the first Norman emperor of England, ruling from 1066 till his death in 1087. Around this time, many wars and battles were waged over the kingdom and distribution of territories in Europe. France, the Anglo-Saxons, and Scandinavian troops were engaged in raids, struggles, and battles to claim their lands and gains. I invite you to learn more about this first king of England, who lived almost 1,000 years ago.

The Ottoman Empire was so big, and lasted for so long, yet, it is one of those empires that many common people have forgotten about. In the 20th century, World War I destroyed much of what was left of the empire, and the Turkish state and culture was being established shortly after that. In this comprehensive guide to understanding more about historical events, you will learn more about the sultans, and citizens of the Ottoman Empire - their drive, their background, and their accomplishments throughout the centuries.

The Apache are a culturally connected set of Native American tribe in the southwest United States, including some Native American subtribes. The Apache and the Navajo are distant cousins who share the Southern Athabaskan languages. Apache towns can be found in Oklahoma and Texas, and also bookings in Arizona and New Mexico. Apaches have settled across the US and beyond, especially in city parts. Politically independent, the Apache Nations speak a range of dialects and have separate customs.

The ideology that was carried out in the vicious Spanish War right before World War II, and was embraced by Nazi Germany, was actually pushed and more or less invented by the Italians during a critical time in history when many changes were made, and when fear and uncertainty were in the air. Mussolini was efficient and influential. He was a fearless leader not to be trifled with. Let’s take a look at what he did and why. Throughout the interwar period, Mussolini, as totalitarian of Italy and creator of fascism, cultivated and promoted the worldwide development of fascist movements.

If you think that most of the world consists of unicorns and rainbows, think again. Perhaps you think that living in the West is particularly harsh and that the problems we face in the United States or Europe are more brutal than in other parts of the world. Again, think again.

Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin was a Russian mystic and self-declared holy man who befriended the family of Nicholas II, Russia's last emperor, and achieved massive power in late Imperial Russia. Rasputin was born into a peasant family in the Siberian town of Pokrovskoye. In the year 1897, while on a journey to an abbey, he had a spiritual conversion experience. In the year 1903 or the winter of 1904-1905, he checked out Saint Petersburg, where he drew in certain church and social leaders. In November 1905, he met Emperor Nicholas and Empress Alexandra, and ended up a social figure.

From 1845 to 1852, the Great Hunger, also referred to as the "Potato Famine", was a period of a lot of starvation and illness in Ireland. The period was known in Irish at the time as a "Drochshaol"—loosely translated as "the hard days", or actually "the bad life"—with the most badly affected districts in the west and south of Ireland, where the Irish language was popular. The year 1847, at times called "Black '47", was the absolute worst year of the period. Around one million people died, and over a million left the nation throughout the Great Famine.