1. Introduction:

This briefing document provides an analysis of the provided excerpts from Mandala 1/Sukta 114 of the Rigveda, which is a hymn addressed to the deity Rudra. The verses reveal key characteristics and functions attributed to Rudra, as well as the supplications and aspirations of the devotees.

2. Main Themes:

The central themes identified in these excerpts are:

• Invocation and Adoration of Rudra: The verses primarily focus on invoking and praising Rudra, highlighting his power, mercy, and justice.
• Seeking Protection and Well-being: A strong emphasis is placed on seeking Rudra's protection from various harms, including natural furies, disease, and death, and praying for general well-being and prosperity.
• Rudra as a Protector and Provider: Rudra is depicted as a guardian of both humans and animals, a provider of sustenance and blessings, and a leader of the brave.
• Importance of Offerings and Prayer: The act of offering prayers, salutations, and oblations is presented as the means to attain Rudra's favour and guidance.
• Desire for Peace and Harmony: The hymns express a profound desire for peace, joy, and health within the community and the wider environment.
• Acknowledging Rudra's Power and Potential Anger: While seeking kindness, the verses also acknowledge Rudra's potential for wrath and the need to avoid his displeasure.

3. Most Important Ideas and Facts:

• Rudra's Attributes: Rudra is described with several significant attributes:
• Omnipotent Lord of Mercy and Justice: (Verse 1) "We offer these songs of prayer and adoration to Rudra, omnipotent lord of mercy and justice..."
• Father and Protector of the Brave: (Verse 1, 2, 3, 9, 10) This is a recurring epithet, highlighting his role as a leader and guardian of strong individuals and communities.
• Generous and Good: (Verse 3, 6, 10) The prayers seek his kindness and blessings.
• Blazing Brilliant and Destroyer of Enemies: (Verse 4) "We invoke Rudra, blazing brilliant, destroyer of enemies..." This indicates a fierce and powerful aspect.
• Lord of Instant Motion and Action: (Verse 4) Implies his swift and decisive power.
• Seer of Universal Vision: (Verse 4) Suggests his all-encompassing awareness.
• Master Controller: (Verse 5) Specifically mentioned in the context of "the gambler's dice," which could symbolise control over fate or chance.
• Lord of Immortality: (Verse 6) "Lord of immortality, give us the best nourishing food for the mortals..."
• Eternal Lord: (Verse 8) "Rudra, lord eternal of mercy and justice..."
• Scope of Protection Sought: The prayers for protection are extensive, covering:
• Individuals: Self, children, youth, great men, saints, scholars, seniors, father, mother, wives, brave warriors (Verse 7, 8).
• Community/Settlement: Peace and joy among humans and animals, healthy environment (Verse 1).
• Possessions: Cows, horses (Verse 8).
• Life Itself: Avoiding the shortening of life (Verse 8) and the killing of the fetus (Verse 7).
• From Natural Furies: (Verse 4) "May He ward off all furies of nature from us."
• From Harmful Individuals: Protection from "the butcher of cows and murderer of men" (Verse 10).
• Blessings and Gifts Requested: The prayers seek a variety of blessings:
• Peace, Comfort, Good Health: (Verse 2) "Rudra, be kind to us, be good and give us peace, comfort and good health."
• Wisdom and Advice: (Verse 3) "may we attain the favour of your wisdom and advice..."
• Nourishing Food: (Verse 6) "give us the best nourishing food for the mortals..."
• Peaceful Happy Home: (Verse 5) "bless us with gifts of a peaceful happy home..."
• Protective Armour and Weapons: (Verse 5) "protective armour, and preventive and deterrent arms and armaments." This highlights a pragmatic aspect of seeking protection.
• Ultimate Freedom After Death: (Verse 10) "...and the ultimate freedom after."