Who are the key solar buyers and how do they purchase?

• DIY Buyers: Budget-conscious, independent homeowners who research and buy online.
• C&I Buyers: Corporates with ESG/tax goals. Engage EPCs, use custom financing, and require long decision cycles.
• DG Buyers: Mid-size buyers (250 kW–200 MW) using RFPs and broker networks. Seek volume pricing and performance guarantees.
• Utility-Scale: IPPs and utilities buying in multi-megawatt volumes. Focus on price, bankability, and LCOEs.
• Community Solar Developers: Serve renters and condos with no upfront costs, relying on local engagement. DIY and residential buyers move fastest online; utility buyers demand direct negotiation and rarely buy online.

What are the components of a solar system and how do they work together?

• Solar Panels: Convert sunlight to DC power. Monocrystalline panels are most efficient (18–22%) and durable.
• Inverters: Convert DC to AC power.
  • Central: Large-scale, megawatt-level use
  • String: Common for homes/small businesses
  • Micro: Panel-level, more efficient but costlier
  • Optimizers: Improve performance in shaded conditions
• Batteries: Store excess power. Lithium-ion systems dominate due to lifespan and efficiency.
• Mounting Systems: Roof-penetration, ballast, or ground-mounted with optional sun trackers.
• BOS: Includes wiring, monitoring, rapid shutdown devices, and protective gear like switchgear and fuses.

What solar module technologies are used?

• Polycrystalline: Older, low-efficiency (being phased out)
• Monocrystalline: High-efficiency, long warranty, sleek design
• Thin-Film: Cost-effective at scale, but degrades faster Advanced cell tech:
• PERC: Now aging
• Bifacial: Uses reflected light from both sides
• TOPCon (N-type): Leading efficiency today

How do batteries integrate and what are the advances?

• Old Tech: Lead-acid, bulky, 5–7 year lifespan
• Modern Tech: Lithium-ion, compact, 10k cycles or 10+ years
• AC Coupling: Allows batteries to integrate with microinverter systems
• Vehicle-to-Home (V2H): Use EV batteries (e.g., Ford Lightning) to power homes during outages
• Next-Gen Chemistries: Research into iron phosphate and other materials is ongoing

What is “Tier One” status and does it apply beyond panels? "Tier One" refers to the financial bankability of solar panel manufacturers—not necessarily quality. It’s key for large-scale financing. Other equipment like inverters and batteries rely on Approved Vendor Lists (AVLs) to ensure long-term viability.

How do monitoring systems work and what’s next? Systems collect performance data via Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or SIM and display on dashboards. Trends:

• AI Integration: Smart load control, predictive storage
• Hybrid Solar + Storage: Standard for new utility projects
• EV + Solar: EVs become mobile batteries
• Expanded Components: Inclusion of more BOS and specialized tech