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Real Life Pharmacology - Pharmacology Education for Health Care Professionals

Real Life Pharmacology - Pharmacology Education for Health Care Professionals

By: Eric Christianson PharmD; Pharmacology Expert and Clinical Pharmacist
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A Meded101.com Production Hygiene & Healthy Living Physical Illness & Disease
Episodes
  • Loxapine Pharmacology
    Jul 17 2025
    Loxapine is a first-generation (typical) antipsychotic with dopamine D2 receptor antagonism as its primary mechanism, though it also has affinity for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, making its pharmacology somewhat atypical. Loxapine is available in multiple formulations, including oral capsules and an inhalation powder, the latter approved specifically for acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder. Sedation and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), including dystonia, akathisia, and parkinsonism, are common adverse effects due to its potent dopamine blockade in the nigrostriatal pathway. Orthostatic hypotension can occur with loxapine due to its alpha-1 adrenergic blockade, requiring monitoring in elderly patients or those on antihypertensives.
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    15 mins
  • Ketoconazole Pharmacology
    Jul 10 2025
    Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal that works by inhibiting fungal cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase, an enzyme essential for ergosterol synthesis, which disrupts fungal cell membrane integrity. Common adverse effects of ketoconazole include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes, with hepatotoxicity being a notable concern. Ketoconazole carries a boxed warning for severe hepatotoxicity, including cases of liver failure and death, and should not be used as a first-line treatment for fungal infections when other safer antifungals are available. Another boxed warning highlights ketoconazole’s potential to prolong the QT interval, increasing the risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias such as torsades de pointes. Ketoconazole is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and can cause significant drug interactions by increasing serum concentrations of medications metabolized by this pathway, including statins, certain benzodiazepines, and some antiarrhythmic.
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    14 mins
  • NSAID Drug Interactions
    Jul 3 2025
    NSAIDs can reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive medications such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and diuretics by promoting sodium and water retention and decreasing renal blood flow. Combining NSAIDs with anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents like warfarin or aspirin significantly increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, due to additive effects on platelet inhibition and mucosal irritation. NSAIDs can elevate lithium levels and increase the risk of toxicity, as they reduce renal clearance of lithium by decreasing renal perfusion. Co-administration of NSAIDs with methotrexate can impair methotrexate elimination, leading to elevated levels and potential toxicity, especially at high methotrexate doses. When NSAIDs are used with corticosteroids, the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeding is greatly amplified due to synergistic impairment of gastric mucosal protection.
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    16 mins

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