This deep dive presents the methodology and findings of an extensive study investigating the cognitive and linguistic impacts of using Large Language Models (LLMs), search engines, or no tools ("Brain-only") for essay writing over four sessions with university participants.

Kosmyna N, Hauptmann E, Yuan YT, Situ J, Liao XH, Beresnitzky AV, et al. Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task. Published June 2025. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2506.08872.

Follow Dr. Anthony Novello, PT, DPT

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@anthonynovello.dpt⁠

This episode does a deep dive into an ancillary study of the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) trial, which investigated the long-term effects of cocoa extract supplementation on inflammaging biomarkers in older adults.

Li S, Hamaya R, Zhu H, et al. Effects of 2-year cocoa extract supplementation on inflammaging biomarkers in older US adults: findings from the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study randomised clinical trial. Age Ageing. 2025;54(9):afaf269. doi:10.1093/ageing/afaf269.

Follow Dr. Anthony Novello, PT, DPT

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@anthonynovello.dpt⁠

This episode dissects a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) for managing pain in patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA).

Liu W, Yin M, Li H. Optimizing resistance training for pain management in knee and hip osteoarthritis: a pairwise and dose-response meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1623679. Published 2025 Sep 2. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1623679

Follow Dr. Anthony Novello, PT, DPT

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@anthonynovello.dpt⁠

This episode does a deep dive into a comprehensive review article titled "Magnesium Matters: A Comprehensive Review of Its Vital Role in Health and Diseases." This review details the physiological functions and metabolic processes of magnesium (Mg), emphasizing its role as an essential mineral and cofactor in hundreds of enzymatic reactions vital for maintaining health. We will explore the health consequences of Mg deficiency and its established associations with chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, we will discuss Mg metabolism, requirements (RDA), and the impact of deficiency in specific populations, such as the aging population, while discussing the therapeutic potential, optimal dosages, and duration of Mg supplementation.

Fatima G, Dzupina A, B Alhmadi H, et al. Magnesium Matters: A Comprehensive Review of Its Vital Role in Health and Diseases. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e71392. Published 2024 Oct 13. doi:10.7759/cureus.71392

Follow Dr. Anthony Novello, PT, DPT

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@anthonynovello.dpt⁠

This episode dissects an original research article from the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle that investigates the relationship between fat infiltration in muscles and the functional recovery of older inpatients. Specifically, the prospective study examined intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) in the quadriceps at admission and the subsequent recovery of Activities of Daily Living (ADL), measured using the Barthel Index.

Akazawa N, Kishi M, Hino T, et al. Intramuscular adipose tissue in the quadriceps is more strongly related to recovery of activities of daily living than muscle mass in older inpatients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12(4):891-899. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12713

Follow Dr. Anthony Novello, PT, DPT

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@anthonynovello.dpt⁠

The episode does a deep dive into a systematic review with meta-analysis published in the journal Sports Medicine that investigates the optimal timing of exercise in relation to meal ingestion for acutely lowering postprandial blood glucose levels.

Engeroff T, Groneberg DA, Wilke J. After Dinner Rest a While, After Supper Walk a Mile? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis on the Acute Postprandial Glycemic Response to Exercise Before and After Meal Ingestion in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Sports Med. 2023;53(4):849-869. doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01808-7

Follow Dr. Anthony Novello, PT, DPT

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@anthonynovello.dpt⁠

This episode does a deep dive into a systematic review investigating the efficacy of single herbal ingredients on testosterone concentrations in men.

Smith SJ, Lopresti AL, Teo SYM, Fairchild TJ. Examining the Effects of Herbs on Testosterone Concentrations in Men: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(3):744-765. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa134

Follow Dr. Anthony Novello, PT, DPT

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@anthonynovello.dpt⁠

This episode investigates the impact of various protein supplements on muscle protein synthesis in older men, aiming to counter age-related muscle loss known as sarcopenia. The study compares the effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein when consumed above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), distributed twice daily at breakfast and lunch.

McKendry J, Lowisz CV, Nanthakumar A, et al. The effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein supplementation beyond the recommended dietary allowance on integrated myofibrillar protein synthetic rates in older males: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;120(1):34-46. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.05.009

Follow Dr. Anthony Novello, PT, DPT

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@anthonynovello.dpt⁠