World War II didn’t appear out of nowhere. Dr. Roy begins by going back to the 18th and 19th centuries, explaining how the rise of the British Empire, the exploitation of India, the discovery of oil, and the unification of Germany set the stage for catastrophe. Along the way, he explores how nationalism spread through Europe, how industrialization and imperialism changed the global order, and why multipolar competition made world war almost inevitable.

Takeaways:

• Understanding World War II requires examining the British Empire, German unification, and industrial capitalism.
• How the Seven Years’ War, the American Revolution, and the conquest of India shaped British imperial dominance.
• The role of oil in shifting global power, from Persia to Standard Oil and BP.
• The unification of Germany and Italy, and the rise of nationalism after the French Revolution and Napoleon.
• How the Revolutions of 1848 signaled the struggle between socialism and nationalism across Europe.
• The collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the tangled alliances that destabilized Europe.
• How competition, arms races, and colonial rivalries pushed the world into World War I, and why that war’s aftermath guaranteed another.
• Why World War I was the worst war in history for soldiers, and how its horrors set the stage for even greater civilian suffering in World War II.

Resources & References:

• Treaty of Paris (1783) and British-American relations after independence
• Industrial Revolution and steam power (18th-19th centuries)
• Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later BP) and Middle Eastern oil concessions
• German unification under Bismarck (1871) and the Austro-Hungarian compromise
• French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1789-1815)
• Revolutions of 1848 across Europe
• Alliance systems before World War I (Triple Alliance and Triple Entente)
• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)
• Trench warfare, chemical weapons, and the horrors of World War I
• Treaty of Versailles (1919) and its consequences

Beyond the podcast:

• Want to watch this lecture? Check out the full video.
• Want to support the show? Buy Dr. Roy a coffee!

Ideologies are powerful tools, but also deeply flawed. Dr. Roy explains how the human brain processes fear and emotion, why leaders exploit hatred and fear to gain power, and more. From Napoleon’s use of nationalism, to socialism’s fight against capitalist exploitation, to the rise of liberalism and its sub-ideologies, Dr. Roy traces the evolution of modern politics. He also covers communism’s revolutionary promises, Mussolini’s fascism, and religious fundamentalism, while urging us to replace tolerance with a genuine celebration of others’ existence.

Takeaways:

• How our brains filter information, and why fear and hatred mobilize voters better than reason.
• The difference between factions and ideologies in monarchies versus electoral republics.
• Nationalism: from Napoleon’s mobilization of the French Revolution to Nazi Germany.
• Socialism: born as a pushback against capitalism’s harshness in 19th-century factories.
• Liberalism: the ideology created to defend capitalism, with its four sub-branches (conservatism, populism, libertarianism, and liberalism).
• Communism: a more radical socialist path advocating violent revolution for rapid change.
• Fascism: Mussolini’s reaction to modernity and his dream of reviving the Roman Empire.
• Fundamentalism: the religious equivalent of nationalism, rooted in superiority and intolerance.
• Why ideology today is breaking down, with politics increasingly dominated by emotional manipulation rather than coherent ideas.

Resources & References:

• Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (2002 Nobel Prize in Economics)
• Richard Thaler, Nudge (2017 Nobel Prize in Economics)
• The French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte
• The 1848 Revolutions in Europe (nationalist and socialist uprisings)
• U.S. Great Depression: Hoover vs. Roosevelt (and the New Deal as a “vaccine” against socialism)
• Federalist Paper No. 10 (James Madison on factions)
• Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)
• Benito Mussolini and the creation of fascism after WWI
• Spanish Flu pandemic (1918-1920)

Beyond the podcast:

• Want to watch this lecture? Check out the full video.
• Want to support the show? Buy Dr. Roy a coffee!

This lecture was originally recorded at the Museum of the Future for the series Lessons from the Past (2025).

The Apache were more than fierce warriors; they were farmers, traders, and innovators who created a vibrant culture rooted in ceremony, kinship, and respect. Dr. Roy traces their migration into the American Southwest, their clashes with Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. armies, and the devastating genocides they endured. From their matrilineal traditions to their legendary leaders like Geronimo and Cochise, the Apache story is one of survival, adaptation, and resistance.

Takeaways:

• The Apache as part of the Athabascan migration from northwestern Canada to the American Southwest.
• Distinctions between raiding and war in Apache society, and why raids were designed to avoid violence.
• The matrilineal and matrilocal structure of Apache families and its impact on property, marriage, and ceremonies.
• Encounters with Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. forces, including scalp bounties and massacres.
• Legendary leaders such as Mangas Coloradas, Cochise, Victorio, Nana, and Geronimo.
• The devastating loss of life and culture from 19th-century wars and forced relocations.
• The resilience of the Chiricahua Apache, from imprisonment as “prisoners of war” to surviving into the 20th century.

Resources & References:

• Accounts of Mangas Coloradas, Cochise, and Geronimo.
• The Gadsden Purchase (1854) and its role in U.S.-Mexico relations.
• The Bascom Affair (1861) and the outbreak of war with Cochise.
• Standing Bear v. Crook (1879) and Native American legal rights.
• Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and the eventual resettlement of the Chiricahua Apache.

Beyond the podcast:

• Want to watch this lecture? Check out the full video.
• Want to support the show? Buy Dr. Roy a coffee!

This lecture was originally recorded at the Museum of the Future for the series Lessons from the Past (2025).

The fall of Constantinople in 1453 marked the end of the Roman Empire after more than 2,000 years and the rise of the Ottomans as a dominant global power. Dr. Roy explores the centuries of turmoil that led to this moment: Mongol invasions, the Black Death, fractured kingdoms, and shifting alliances. With vivid detail, he traces Mehmed II's relentless campaign, the innovations of siege warfare, and the last desperate defense of the Byzantine world.

Takeaways:

• How the Mongol invasions set the stage for centuries of upheaval in the Middle East and Europe.
• The fragmentation of the Roman Empire and the weakening of Byzantium after the Crusades.
• The rise of Mehmed II as a young sultan obsessed with taking Constantinople.
• The building of massive cannons, including the legendary “Basilica,” to batter the city’s famed walls.
• The ingenious naval maneuver of dragging ships over greased logs into the Golden Horn.
• The desperate final stand of Constantine XI and the multinational defenders of the city.
• Why the fall of Constantinople was not just an ending, but the beginning of a new imperial age.

Resources & References:

• Genghis Khan and Timur Lang.
• The Black Death (1347-1351) and its long-term impact on population and immunity.
• Orban’s great cannon, “Basilica”, and other Ottoman siege innovations.
• Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine emperor.
• The fall of Constantinople (1453).
• Vlad the Impaler, aka "Dracula".

Beyond the podcast:

• Want to watch this lecture? Check out the full video.
• Want to support the show? Buy Dr. Roy a coffee!

This lecture was originally recorded at the Museum of the Future for the series Lessons from the Past (2025).

Language isn’t just communication; it’s power. Drawing on insights from Malcolm X, George Orwell, and political history, Roy unpacks how misused words blur meaning and control our thinking. He then decodes the difference between countries, states, provinces, and nations, and why these distinctions matter for understanding politics, legitimacy, and sovereignty.

Takeaways:

• Why Malcolm X studied the dictionary in prison, and what it reveals about language and empowerment.
• George Orwell’s 1984 and the dangers of shrinking vocabulary.
• The difference between accuracy vs. precision, theory vs. hypothesis, and why the misuse of words weakens critical thinking.
• Clear definitions of country, state, province, nation, and nation-state with real-world historical examples.
• How legitimacy, revenue, and violence form the foundations of sovereignty.
• The role of identity in creating nations, from the Navajo to the Rohingya.
• Why states fail, how legitimacy erodes, and what history teaches about repeating cycles.

Resources & References:

• Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X
• George Orwell, 1984
• Harvard Implicit Bias Test (IAT)
• Case studies: Punt, Burgundy, Navajo Nation, Brexit and the EU, the Rohingya people, failed states like Somalia
• U.S. Constitution and Articles of Confederation

Beyond the podcast:

• Want to watch this lecture? Check out the full video.
• Want to support the show? Buy Dr. Roy a coffee!

This lecture was originally recorded at the Museum of the Future for the series Lessons from the Past (2025).

Why does leadership matter, and how do small decisions ripple across the future? Dr. Roy begins with the hidden dangers of implicit bias, from medicine to global politics, before diving into the story of Theodore Roosevelt. From cowboy adventurer to America’s youngest president, Roosevelt’s choices reshaped U.S. foreign policy, transformed the presidency, and continue to influence what leadership looks like today.

Takeaways:

• How implicit bias influences medical treatment, politics, and global perceptions, often without people realizing it.
• Why Roosevelt’s rise from “Rough Rider” to president was more accidental than planned, and how he built power without party backing.
• The role of “shuttle diplomacy” in shaping U.S. foreign policy and Roosevelt’s Nobel Peace Prize.
• Roosevelt’s domestic reforms, from breaking up Standard Oil to reshaping football safety rules.
• The darker side of his presidency, including the war in the Philippines and his failure to support child labor reform.
• Why Roosevelt’s approach to foreign policy still echoes in the American presidency today.

Resources & References:

• Harvard implicit bias study on race and gender in emergency rooms
• Harvard Implicit Association Test (IAT)
• Case study: 2002 Winter Olympics corruption in Salt Lake City
• The Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) and “shuttle diplomacy”

Beyond the podcast:

• Want to watch this lecture? Check out the full video.
• Want to support the show? Buy Dr. Roy a coffee!

This lecture was originally recorded at the Museum of the Future for the series Lessons from the Past (2025).

Known as the “Father of Modern Medicine,” Ibn Sina was a Persian polymath whose writings transformed science, philosophy, and ethics. In this episode, Roy traces the turbulent world Ibn Sina lived in, the intellectual traditions that shaped him, and the groundbreaking discoveries that continue to impact our lives today.

Takeaways:

• The political and cultural backdrop of Ibn Sina’s time, including the collapse of empires and the rise of learning centers like the House of Wisdom.
• Ibn Sina’s early genius: memorizing the Qur’an at 10, mastering philosophy as a teenager, and serving as a court physician by 17.
• His most famous work, The Canon of Medicine, which introduced the revolutionary idea that diseases are distinct and can be prevented, not just cured.
• His contributions to philosophy, including early ideas of entropy and the concept of a singularity, foreshadowing the modern Big Bang theory.
• Why Ibn Sina’s legacy remains vital to medicine, science, and human knowledge.

Resources & References:

• Ibn Sina, The Canon of Medicine (1025)
• Secondary readings: Aristotle, Metaphysics; Euclid, Elements; Ptolemy, Almagest; Al-Farabi’s commentary on Aristotle; Writings preserved and translated through the House of Wisdom (Islamic Golden Age)

Beyond the podcast:

• Want to watch this lecture? Check out the full video.
• Want to support the show? Buy Dr. Roy a coffee!

This lecture was originally recorded at the Museum of the Future for the series Lessons from the Past (2025).

History is never just the past. It’s the stories and people we choose to remember, and the ones we choose to erase.

Welcome to the Dr. Roy Casagranda Podcast: a space where history, politics, and culture are woven together to reveal the threads that connect us all.

Dr. Roy believes everything we do as a species is linked: past to present, present to future, one culture to another. In this podcast, he traces those fibers across oceans and generations, uncovering how we arrived at this moment and what it means for where we’re headed.

The goal? To better understand our shared humanity and ensure the future we’re building is one worth striving toward.