America's political philosophy emerged from a complex interplay of Enlightenment thought, with both radical and moderate strands shaping our founding documents and constitutional system.

• Multiple influences shaped American political thought—biblical Christianity, English common law, classical philosophy, and the Enlightenment
• The Enlightenment had two main strands influencing America: radical (emphasizing new ideas) and moderate (blending modern thought with tradition)
• Three key Enlightenment influences were John Locke, Montesquieu, and the Scottish Enlightenment philosophers
• The Declaration of Independence balances radical Enlightenment ideas (natural rights) with moderate elements (references to divinity and sacred honor)
• The Constitution reflects Montesquieu's moderate Enlightenment philosophy through separation of powers and complex institutional design
• America's constitutional system deliberately combines republican elements with democratic ones to create sustainable liberty

Understanding America's founding requires studying both the radical and moderate philosophical traditions that shaped our political system.

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