Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, was shocked to read his own obituary branding him the "merchant of death."

While the story might not be entirely true, it pushed him to reconsider his legacy.

His fortune went on to establish the Nobel Prizes, honouring achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace, ensuring his name is remembered for contributions to humanity.

• Overview of the Nobel Prize
• Alfred Nobel's mistaken obituary
• Nobel's early life and education
• Invention of dynamite and its impacts
• Nobel's relationship with Bertha von Suttner
• Creation of the Nobel Prize in his will
• Outcomes and controversies of the Nobel Prize
• Notable Nobel laureates
• Controversial Nobel Peace Prize awards
• Legacy of Alfred Nobel

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In part one of a three-part mini-series on the theme of citizenship and identity, we'll ask ourselves, "What makes someone Italian?"

We'll explore the topic of citizenship and identity in Italy, and see what the current laws tell us about what it means to be (or not to be) Italian.

• Definitions of jus soli and jus sanguinis
• Italy's citizenship rules and marriage eligibility
• Referendum on easing Italy's citizenship rules
• Italy's low birth rate and demographic challenges
• Immigration's influence on Italy's citizenship debates
• Opposition arguments against easing citizenship rules
• Result of Italy’s citizenship referendum
• Comparison with Germany and France's citizenship laws
• Discussion on Italian citizenship by ancestry
• Debate on the meaning of citizenship in Italy

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Hannibal of Carthage, one of history's greatest military strategists, almost brought the Roman Republic to its knees.

As a boy, he swore eternal enmity against Rome, leading him to cross the Alps with his diverse army and elephants, stunning the Romans.

Despite his victories, he never managed to capture Rome, but his legacy of brilliance and determination remains.

• Hannibal's vow to hate Rome forever
• Hannibal's upbringing and education in military tactics
• The First Punic War and Carthage's defeat
• Hannibal's march across the Alps into Italy
• Hannibal's diverse and strategic army composition
• Key victories at the Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae
• Rome's Fabian Strategy to counter Hannibal
• Hannibal's defeat at the Battle of Zama
• Hannibal's later life and exile
• Hannibal's enduring legacy and impact on military strategy

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Keywords: Learn English, vocabulary, lessons, idioms, aprende inglés, idiomas, aprender inglês, apprendre l'anglais, imparare l’inglese, ingilizce öğren,英語を習う, تعلم الإنجليزية

Meet Mobutu Sese Seko, the man who rose from a lowly army officer to become the autocratic ruler of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Wearing his signature leopard-skin hat, Mobutu rebranded the country as Zaire and himself as a symbol of African pride.

Despite his charismatic persona and lavish lifestyle, his regime left the country impoverished, highlighting the dangers of unchecked power and corruption.

• Mobutu Sese Seko's rise to power in Congo
• Congo's harsh colonial history under Belgian rule
• Mobutu's involvement in Patrice Lumumba's downfall
• Mobutu's 1965 coup and 32-year rule
• Renaming Congo to Zaire and introducing the Authenticité movement
• Mobutu's repressive regime and personality cult
• Corruption and Mobutu's embezzlement of state funds
• Economic decline and dependency on foreign aid
• Mobutu's fall from power and death in exile
• Mobutu's enduring legacy in modern-day DRC

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In this episode, we'll explore the complex world of minimum wage laws, from their surprising origins in Australia and New Zealand to modern debates around their effectiveness.

Do they protect the lowest-paid workers, or do they do more damage than good?

• History of the minimum wage globally
• Early minimum wage laws in Australia and New Zealand
• Introduction of minimum wage in the UK and the US
• Arguments for and against minimum wage
• Impact of the minimum wage on businesses
• Regional variations in minimum wage
• Alternatives to the minimum wage
• Minimum wage and wage growth in the UK
• Comparison of minimum wage with skilled jobs
• Political perspectives on the minimum wage

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In 2011, Egypt erupted in protest, toppling a 30-year regime.

What began as a grassroots movement against an autocratic leader turned into a complex struggle for democracy and power.

In this episode, we'll travel through the events that led from the hopeful dawn of revolution to the military's return to power, and see how social media and global events played pivotal roles in shaping modern Egypt.

• Egypt's conditions ripe for revolution in 2011
• Hosni Mubarak's rule and use of emergency laws
• Impact of Tunisian Revolution on Egypt
• Rise of protests on Egyptian Police Day 2011
• Role of social media in Egyptian protests
• Mubarak's resignation and military's interim government
• Muslim Brotherhood's rise and Morsi's presidency
• Morsi's overreach and public dissatisfaction
• Army's intervention and Sisi's rise to power
• Repression and return to authoritarian rule under Sisi

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/egyptian-revolution

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In this episode, we'll explore the eerie events of the Salem Witch Trials, a chilling tale of suspicion, fear, and injustice in 17th-century Massachusetts.

Discover how a village turned against itself, leading to the execution of innocent people amidst accusations of witchcraft, and consider the theories behind what really happened.

• The harsh winter of 1692 in Massachusetts
• Puritans' fear of the devil and witchcraft
• Witch accusations in Salem Village
• Tituba's confession and impact
• Spectral evidence in Salem court trials
• Tragic outcomes of the witch trials
• Ergot fungus and mass hysteria theories
• Social tensions and personal vendettas in Salem
• Aftermath and attempts to right wrongs
• Exoneration of Elizabeth Johnson Jr. in 2022

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/salem-witch-trials

Episode about The History of Witches: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/witches
"Weird history" episodes: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcast-tags/weird-history
"Horror" episodes: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcast-tags/horror

W

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In part one of this three-part mini-series, we'll explore the captivating life of T.E. Lawrence, the British archaeologist and army officer known as "Lawrence of Arabia."

Discover how he fought alongside Arabian tribesmen during World War I in their quest for independence, all while knowing an uncomfortable secret.

• The early life and interests of T.E. Lawrence
• Lawrence's work as an archaeologist in the Middle East
• The Ottoman Empire and World War I context
• Lawrence's role with Arab forces against Ottomans
• The strategy of guerrilla warfare and victory at Aqaba
• Lawrence's experience and trauma in Deraa
• The broken promises of the Sykes-Picot Agreement
• Lawrence's return to Britain and later life
• The lasting impact of Lawrence on the Middle East
• Varied perceptions of T.E. Lawrence's legacy

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/lawrence-arabia

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Keywords: Learn English, vocabulary, lessons, idioms, aprende inglés, idiomas, aprender inglês, apprendre l'anglais, imparare l’inglese, ingilizce öğren,英語を習う, تعلم الإنجليزية