In this Christmas special, we look at two forms of valid arguments - Modus Pones and Modus Tollens. We then look at two forms of invalid arguments - Affirming the Consequent and Denying the Antecedent. Remember -

An argument is valid if ‘the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion’ or ‘where the conclusion necessarily or logically follows from the premises.’

Validity is about logical structure, not whether the argument sounds convincing or whether the conclusion is actually true.

With much thanks to my Christmas Elf Eilidh!

This episode dives into what worship means in Judaism and why it plays such a central role in Jewish identity. We explore the significance of the synagogue as a place of prayer, study, and community, and take a closer look at Shabbat — the weekly rhythm of rest, reflection, and connection to God. Finally, we examine the balance between individual and communal worship, including the importance of praying with a minyan, and how worship continues to shape Jewish life around the world today.

In this episode, we explore the High Holy Days — Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur — the most spiritually charged period in the Jewish year. We look at Rosh Hashanah as a time of creation, renewal, and honest self-assessment, exploring traditions like blowing the shofar, attending synagogue, and sharing symbolic festive meals. Then we follow the journey into Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, with its themes of confession, forgiveness, and starting anew. From the solemnity of fasting and the Vidui confessions to the closing Ne’ilah prayers, we consider why this intense ten-day period remains profoundly meaningful for Jewish people today, wherever they live.