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Alan Mathison Turing was a mathematician, computer system researcher, scholar, cryptanalyst, thinker, and theoretical biologist from the U.K. With the Turing device, which can be considered a design of a general-purpose computer system, Turing had a substantial influence on the development of theoretical computer technology, offering a formalization of the ideas of algorithm and calculation. Turing is considered the creator of theoretical computer technology and AI.

Rail transport, which was created by Stephenson and was a crucial element of the Industrial Revolution, was just one of the most essential innovative developments of the 19th century. The Mobility No. 1 was the first steam engine to transport guests on a public railway, the Stockton and Darlington Train, in 1825. It was built by George and his child Robert's company, Robert Stephenson and Business.

In 1620, a group of English families, known now as the Pilgrims, were carried from England to the New World on the Mayflower. When the Mayflower finally showed up in America on November 21, 1620, it had 102 guests and a team of around 30 on board, and was anchored off Cape Cod. The Pilgrims, as opposed to their Puritan coworkers, chose to break away from the Church of England because of its Roman Catholic heritage and the church's hesitation to reform, requiring them to pray in private instead of in the church.

Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and writer who was commonly seen as one of the best mathematicians, physicists, and most prominent researchers of perpetuity. He was hailed as a natural theorist in his time. He was a considerable player in the knowledge thought movement. In the year 1687, he wrote Mathematical Concepts of Natural Philosophy, which established classical mechanics. Newton also made considerable advances in optics, and he shares credit for developing infinitesimal calculus with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Captain James Cook FRS was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy who is most well-known for his three explorations to the Pacific Ocean, especially to Australia, between 1768 and 1779. Prior to finishing three trips to the Pacific, he drew precise maps of Newfoundland and made the first documented European encounter with the eastern coast of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first noted circumnavigation of New Zealand.