Do you divide your friends into tiers or levels? If so, what does it take to get into the first tier, to count as a close friend? In this episode, Luke Russell discusses the nature of friendship with Associate Professor Sam Shpall from the University of Sydney. They ask what makes friendships so valuable, and whether it is possible to live a good life without having any friends. Associate Professor Shpall also explores the rivalrous friendship that is at the heart of the Neapolitan Quartet of novels written by Elena Ferrante.

“Workists” are people who find most of their life’s meaning through their work. Critics have bemoaned the fact that workism is on the rise, encouraging us instead to find meaning in family relationships, or in helping to make the world a better place. Associate Professor Matthew Hammerton, a philosopher from the Singapore Management University, defends workism. He argues against common criticisms, saying that finding meaning primarily in your work will not necessarily lead you to live an unbalanced life, and is no more risky than finding more meaning in relationships or in other activities.

In what sense is forgiveness a choice? Is forgiving something that is under the victim’s voluntary control, or do some victims find themselves unable to forgive, no matter how hard they try? Guest Professor Lucy Allais, a philosopher who holds academic positions at both the University of the Witwatersrand and Johns Hopkins University, discusses whether we should always choose to forgive those who have wronged us. To highlight this issue, Professor Allais tries to make sense of June Steenkamp’s decision to forgive Oscar Pistorius – the man who murdered her daughter – despite June knowing full well that Oscar remains unapologetic and unrepentant.