Gwen and Marc open this episode with a deceptively simple babysitter analogy: you tell the sitter “use anything in the kitchen,” but you don’t expect her to mount a cutting board to the wall and teach knife-throwing, or install a $6,000 closet system. The permission technically covers those choices — but that’s clearly not what you meant. That disconnect becomes the doorway into the Major Questions Doctrine, the Court’s newest tool for saying: “If Congress meant to authorize something this big, it would’ve said so clearly.”

From there, they rewind to Brown & Williamson, when the FDA tried to regulate tobacco by treating nicotine like any other drug. The statutory text fit — in some ways perfectly — yet the Court refused to believe Congress hid such massive economic and political authority inside ordinary words. Gwen shows how that early instinct, even without a label, planted the seeds of today’s doctrine.

Then the episode turns to the decision that christened the doctrine by name: West Virginia v. EPA. Roberts framed the Clean Power Plan not as routine emissions regulation, but as a wholesale restructuring of the American energy sector — far too consequential, he argued, for an agency to find tucked inside an older statute. Through the Court’s own language, Gwen and Marc unpack what counts as a “major question”: billions in economic impact, deep political salience, dramatic expansions of authority, and situations where Congress has repeatedly considered but rejected similar proposals.

But they also highlight the doctrine’s shadows. The Court has never articulated a clear test; agencies don’t know how many “factors” are enough; and the dividing line between ordinary policymaking and “major” policymaking keeps shifting, depending on who’s drawing it.

Takeaway: Sometimes the words of a statute technically fit — but the Court refuses to believe Congress granted vast power by implication. When the decision is big enough, the Court demands clarity Congress rarely provides.