Support the show

Madrid didn’t become “Madrid” by accident. The late nights, the density, the sense that the city is competing for talent rather than managing decline. In this episode, Diego and I sit down with Esperanza Aguirre, former President of the Community of Madrid, and treat her not as a personality but as a case study: what happens when a politician is a seriousdefender of classical liberalism and then gets enough power to try implementing it.

Aguirre’s liberalism isn’t a retrospective brand. She traces it to a specific intellectual and institutional pipeline: the Liberal Club of Madrid under Pedro Schwartz, weekly immersion in The Economist when it was more explicitly liberal, and Hayek’s argument about the Industrial Revolution’s brutal optics but longer-run moral arithmetic. She even gives a wonderfully concrete “de-programming” moment: a 1979 trip where seeing telecom competition in the U.S. made the “natural monopoly” story feel less like economics and more like Spanish administrative instinct.

From there, Madrid becomes the application layer. Her version of liberalism is not just lower taxes, but choice plus speed. Choice in schooling and in health care, where she describes making it normal to pick schools, hospitals, doctors, and specialists, and bluntly frames the political resistance as a preference for “captive clients.” Speed in how a city allows people to build and open: she explains the pivot from slow, permission-first licensing to declaración responsable, an ex post enforcement model that lets small businesses start operating without waiting a year or two for a stamp. Layer in the other pieces: hospitals built quickly by giving land and contracting private construction and sometimes operation, with reversion later; an aggressive metro expansion; and finally liberalized opening hours and Sundays, turning Madrid into the “always open” city tourists now take for granted.

If you think “classical liberalism” is too abstract for real politics, Aguirre makes it concrete: it’s a set of institutional defaults about who gets to decide, how fast they’re allowed to act, and whether the public sector can be made to behave as if citizens are customers rather than assignments.

Support the show

In this wide-ranging conversation, Tyler Cowen joins Rasheed and Diego to examine Latin America's structural challenges, cultural strengths, and economic future.

Why do some countries remain trapped in political psychodrama while others quietly stabilize? Can El Salvador become a long-term success story? Why does Argentina produce both world-class literature and chronic fiscal crises? Is Panama the region’s most underrated model? And is the United States slowly becoming a Latin American country in cultural terms?

The discussion moves from nation-building and dollarization to the School of Salamanca, from Madrid’s renaissance to Lima’s culinary dominance, and from Borges to Bukele. Throughout, Cowen returns to a central theme: growth is a moral imperative but drama often gets in the way.

This is a conversation about stability versus spectacle, culture versus institutions, and what it would take for Latin America to finally become “boring” — in the best possible sense.

Support the show