In this episode of Culture and Code, Rei and Tara explore one of the most consequential questions facing the tech industry: whether America can maintain its technological dominance in an era of geopolitical turbulence. Drawing from Tara's analysis of Nvidia's first-ever Washington D.C. summit, they examine historical patterns of technological revolution, the critical role of rare earth minerals in the AI race, and why the relationship between the U.S. and China will define the next 70 years of innovation. Through an anthropological lens spanning 130 years of economic history, they reveal why we may already be living in a "bridge period", an uncomfortable era of chaos that precedes the next great technological leap.

Key Takeaways

The Bridge Period Hypothesis

• Historical pattern: Major technological revolutions (35-40 years of growth) are separated by bridge periods (30-40 years) of intense social, political, and economic turbulence
• First Industrial Revolution (1830-1870): European dominance, followed by U.S. agricultural economy
• Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1915): U.S. emergence through steam engines, railroads, and infrastructure
• Bridge Period 1 (1915-1950): Two World Wars, extreme turbulence, but also massive technological invention (transistors, foundational science)
• Information Age Boom (1950-2020s): America's GDP per capita skyrocketed for 70 years
• Bridge Period 2 (2020s-?): We are likely already in the next bridge period, characterized by AI innovation alongside geopolitical tension

The Rare Earth Reality

• Rare earth minerals aren't rare. They're just difficult and environmentally toxic to refine
• China dominates global rare earth supply: 40% of reserves, 69% of mining, 90% of refining
• U.S. position: Only 1.6% of reserves and less than 5% of refining capacity
• The U.S. relinquished manufacturing starting in the 1980s, focusing on the "knowledge economy"
• China made a strategic sacrifice in the 1990s: reduced environmental regulations to monopolize rare earth refining over 30 years
• This creates a fundamental asymmetry: U.S. owns the "top of the stack" (software, IP, cloud), China owns the "bottom" (manufacturing, materials, processing)

The New Apollo Moment

• Nvidia's D.C. summit marked a clear pivot: announcing AI factories for government, supercomputers, and quantum initiatives
• Jensen Huang explicitly framed this as an "Apollo moment"—echoing the 1960s Space Race against the Soviet Union
• Unlike the Cold War, today's competition is more complex: the U.S. needs China's manufacturing capabilities
• The next 5-10 years will be "absolutely critical" in determining who leads for the next 70 years
• We're witnessing not just a tech race, but a simultaneous trade war and battle for technological dominance

Navigating Turbulence

• The bridge period mindset: "wartime CEO" versus "peacetime CEO"
• For investors and technologists: stay nimble, understand where the world is heading, identify what technologies will be needed
• Despite the chaos, there's still work to be done and business to be built
• Historical lesson: the most uncomfortable periods often yield the greatest technological breakthroughs

The Cultural Paradox

• Tara's "underrated opinion": Americans and Chinese are surprisingly similar in personality- outgoing, with complementary humor and ways of being
• This stands in contrast to the structural similarities between Scandinavians and Japanese (formality, tradition, structure)
• The people-level compatibility suggests potential for collaboration despite political tensions
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• Decoupling is unlikely: interdependence is too deep, especially given...

In this episode of Culture and Code, Rei and Tara explore the resurgence of the browser wars as AI companies race to control the interface between users and the digital world.

From OpenAI's Atlas to Perplexity's Comet, they dissect why browsers suddenly matter again after 30 years of relative stagnation, what makes a browser "AI-native," and whether any of these new experiences are sticky enough to change daily habits. Through their own evolving usage patterns, they examine the tension between innovation and incumbency, and what this platform shift means for businesses waiting on the sidelines.

Key Takeaways:

The New Browser Wars Are Here

• Multiple AI-first browsers launched in recent months: OpenAI's Atlas, Perplexity's Comet, Browser Company's Dia (now acquired by Atlassian)
• First major browser innovation wave since the Netscape era 25 years ago
• Browsers emerging as the critical gateway to the AI ecosystem, not just web pages

What Makes a Browser AI-Native

• Reasoning layer on top of search: ability to synthesize across thousands of sources (e.g., "find me the best hiking pants")
• Conversational interface replacing keyword search
• Personal memory banks that learn user preferences across sessions
• Integration of shopping, research, and generation in one interface

The Stickiness Problem

• Despite impressive onboarding (Comet's "space age" experience), habit formation remains elusive
• Chrome's dominance (60-70% market share) is hard to disrupt
• Google's AI mode in search brings users back by being "good enough" for generic queries
• Users still switching between tools: Perplexity for research, ChatGPT for generation, Chrome by default

Platform Implications for Business

• Businesses waiting to see where the platform shift lands before restructuring digital experiences
• Potential disruption to search advertising model (Google's primary revenue)
• OpenAI bringing commerce into chat (shop Etsy through ChatGPT window)
• The browser determines back-end and front-end infrastructure decisions

The 30-Year Paradigm Question

• Browser paradigm unchanged since the 1990s
• ChatGPT created a new interaction model - can browsers evolve beyond their current form?
• This is an experience problem, not a tech problem
• Still an "open design space" with no clear winner

Rei Inamoto: Creative entrepreneur and founding partner of I&CO, a global innovation firm with offices in New York, Tokyo, and Singapore.

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Tara Tan: Managing partner of Strange Ventures, an early-stage firm investing in the future of computing.

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Culture and Code is a podcast about the biggest shifts in tech, business, and culture—before they go mainstream. New episodes on every Tuesday.

In this episode of Culture and Code, Rei and Tara explore the unexpected global rise of matcha through the lens of Cuzen Matcha, a San Francisco-based company bringing ceremonial Japanese tea to the masses.

Through this case study, they examine how innovation happens when outsiders spot opportunities in traditional markets, the role of cultural fluidity in product adoption, and how businesses differentiate in hyper-commoditized industries. The conversation reveals how sometimes the best solutions come from solving a different problem than everyone else is focused on.

The Matcha Moment: From Ceremony to Fast Food

• Matcha's transformation from specialized Japanese tea ceremony to global beverage trend
• The role of "fast foodification" and "TikTokification" - Instagram-friendly aesthetics driving adoption
• Blank Street Coffee: 90 locations in 5 years selling customized matcha (blueberry matcha, white chocolate matcha, rocky road matcha)
• Why plain matcha's bitterness needed Western adaptation through sugar and customization

Spotting Opportunity: The Cuzen Matcha Origin Story

• Founder Eiji Sakata (ex-Suntory) noticed matcha in multiple NYC cafes in 2014-2015
• Convinced Suntory to explore US matcha market, leading to Stone Mill Matcha in San Francisco
• Eventually launched Kuzen Matcha: "The Nespresso of matcha" - automated home preparation
• The power of being both insider (Japanese tea heritage) and outsider (American market perspective)

Innovation Through Cultural Crossover

• Why coffee spread globally vs. matcha's singular cultural origin (limited Japanese diaspora)
• The advantage of bringing local heritage knowledge to global markets
• Japanese engineering mindset + American consumer needs = breakthrough product
• Sometimes you need distance from tradition to innovate within it

Differentiation in Commoditized Markets

• Two primary levers in competitive beverage markets: customization or price
• Luckin Coffee's aggressive US expansion: $1.50-$2 coffee vs. Starbucks' $7-8
• Strategic timing: Chinese brand entering US during politically sensitive period
• Distribution as strategy: multiple locations within blocks for accessibility

The Innovation Dilemma Insight

• Sometimes the opportunity is "right under your nose" but requires an outside perspective
• Example: Audi engineers solving a different problem led to unexpected breakthrough
• The question: When stuck, can you solve a different problem to create improvement?
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• Breaking entrenched systems requires "diversity of ideas" and openness

Rei Inamoto: Creative entrepreneur and founding partner of I&CO, a global innovation firm with offices in New York, Tokyo, and Singapore.

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Tara Tan: Managing partner of Strange Ventures, an early-stage firm investing in the future of computing.

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In this episode of Culture and Code, hosts Rei Inamoto and Tara Tan dissect OpenAI's controversial launch of Sora, the AI video generation platform that became a viral sensation and a cautionary tale simultaneously. From clever growth hacking to international IP controversies, they explore what Sora's chaotic debut reveals about the future of content creation, the democratization of filmmaking, and the increasingly blurred line between human and AI-generated media.

• Sora launched as a TikTok-style social app with invite-only access
• Hit 1 million downloads and topped app charts in its first two weeks
• Strategy: Created artificial scarcity while generating maximum buzz
• Reality check: App store rating of barely 3/5 stars suggests retention issues

• OpenAI notified Disney and major U.S. studios about opt-out rights for content training
• Failed to inform Japanese entertainment companies, causing diplomatic tension
• Japanese Minister issued public statement criticizing the selective approach
• Flooded with Japanese IP content: Pokémon, Dragon Ball Z, and anime characters everywhere
• The geopolitical implications: If the U.S. ignores IP law, why should China?

• Initial content wave: "A dog shaped like a blueberry eating a blueberry"
• The frame rate issue: Similar sensation to early VR headaches and the Lumière Brothers' train
• Sora avatars everywhere: Sam Altman speaking Mandarin, driving through New York
• The question: Is this a platform for creators or just another junk food content machine?

• The Visual Dome: An anonymous artist's stunning AI-generated civilization with five districts, unique bloodlines, and intricate histories
• High craft indicators: Consistent lighting, depth of field, color palette, and art direction
• The democratization paradox: The bar for content creation is simultaneously lower AND higher
• Professional-looking content is now accessible to hundreds of millions, but truly distinctive work is harder than ever

• The entertainment demand is growing exponentially. Traditional production can't keep pace
• Prediction: Industrialization of AI content studios within 5 years (or sooner)
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• The coexistence thesis: Room for both traditional and AI-generated content as the pie expands

Rei Inamoto: Creative entrepreneur and founding partner of I&CO, a global innovation firm with offices in New York, Tokyo, and Singapore.

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Newsletter "The Intersection"

Tara Tan: Managing partner of Strange Ventures, an early-stage firm investing in the future of computing.

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Culture and Code is a podcast about the biggest shifts in tech, business, and culture—before they go mainstream. New episodes on every Tuesday.

In this episode of Culture and Code, Rei and Tara explore the seismic shift happening in online commerce through OpenAI's latest announcements. They dissect how ChatGPT is evolving into an operating system that could fundamentally reshape how we discover and buy products online. The conversation weaves between optimism about removing friction from commerce and concerns about creating "the world's most persistent sales assistant," while examining which companies stand to win or lose in this new landscape.

ChatGPT as Commerce OS

• OpenAI announced Apps SDK allowing vendors to embed shopping directly into ChatGPT
• Over 1 million sellers from Shopify and Etsy already integrated
• Stripe partnership enables direct checkout through the chat interface
• Discovery funnel, not website replacement—at least for now

The Agentic Commerce Stack

• Agent Kit: drag-and-drop interface for building AI agents
• Apps SDK: building blocks for the GPT store relaunch
• Sora API: video generation within workflows (featuring impressive Mattel Hot Wheels demo)
• Context-based search replacing traditional keyword search

Winners and Losers

• Under pressure: Google Ads, traditional payment rails (Visa/MasterCard), growth advertising companies
• New opportunities: Brands that master AI-native discovery and metadata optimization
• Critical question: Will recommendations be personalized or auction-based like Google Ads?

The Brand Paradox

• Brand mindshare becomes more important, not less, in an AI-mediated world
• Traditional advertising making a comeback—even AI companies use TV spots to reach mass market
• Examples of principled growth: Patagonia's anti-consumption campaigns, Uniqlo's durability-over-trends philosophy

The Junk Law Problem

• Risk of exponential growth in unwanted recommendations and proactive selling
• "Moore's Law for junk"—AI could create unprecedented volumes of commercial noise
• Need for new filtering mechanisms (the "burner email" equivalent for AI commerce)

Rei's Principle: If you're a brand, focus on what's truly valuable to customers—even if it means selling less stuff. Long-term brand value comes from meaningful customer relationships, not maximizing transactions.

Tara's Observation: Despite having 700-800 million users, ChatGPT still needs traditional media to reach mainstream audiences. The tech-savvy market is already saturated.

Rei Inamoto: Creative entrepreneur and founding partner of I&CO, a global innovation firm with offices in New York, Tokyo, and Singapore.

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Newsletter "The Intersection"

Tara Tan: Managing partner of Strange Ventures, an early-stage firm investing in the future of computing.

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Culture and Code is a podcast about the biggest shifts in tech, business, and culture—before...

In this episode of Culture and Code, hosts Rei Inamoto and Tara Tan dissect the recent advertising campaigns from AI giants OpenAI and Anthropic, exploring what these vastly different approaches reveal about tech marketing, brand personality, and the humanization of AI. From OpenAI's intimate, film-shot vignettes to Anthropic's philosophical anthem, they examine how Silicon Valley is attempting to solve its image problem and why tech brands have lost their playful edge.

The Tale of Two AI Campaigns

• OpenAI's approach: Real-life moments shot on 35mm film featuring mundane, relatable scenarios
• Anthropic's strategy: Philosophical, anthemic spot encouraging deeper thinking
• The irony: OpenAI didn't use their own Sora technology to create their ads
• Both attempting to humanize AI technology amid growing image problems

The Power of Hype in Tech Markets

• News cycles directly correlate with funding rounds and stock prices
• Oracle's $300B OpenAI data center deal sparked a 45% stock surge in one day
• Sam Altman's mastery of generating constant news coverage
• "Hype as infrastructure" - how narrative drives billions in capital movement

The Lost Era of Tech Brand Personality

• The golden age: Mac vs. PC, BlackBerry vs. Apple campaigns
• BlackBerry's "shot through an apple" campaign and Apple's brilliant response
• Today's Silicon Valley billboards: "Do you want more GPUs?" and "Want inference faster?"
• The shift from playful competitive rivalry to fear-based, bland messaging

Rei Inamoto: Creative entrepreneur and founding partner of I&CO, a global innovation firm with offices in New York, Tokyo, and Singapore.

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Newsletter "The Intersection"

Tara Tan: Managing partner of Strange Ventures, an early-stage firm investing in the future of computing.

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Culture and Code is a podcast about the biggest shifts in tech, business, and culture—before they go mainstream. New episodes on every Tuesday.

In this thought-provoking episode of Culture and Code, hosts Rei Inamoto and Tara Tan explore the rapidly expanding world of AI companionship—from adorable robotic creatures to virtual romantic partners. As the AI companionship market races toward $150 billion, they examine what happens when we outsource emotional attachment to artificial intelligence, diving into real stories of humans falling in love with chatbots, Japan's long history with humanoid culture, and the profound questions about what we gain (and lose) when convenience replaces human friction in our most intimate relationships.

The $150 Billion Love Economy

• AI companionship market projected to grow 5X this decade to $150 billion
• "AI girlfriend" searches up 2,400% on Google
• ChatGPT usage reveals 13-15% of interactions are now "expressing"—people just talking and emoting with AI

When Virtual Love Gets Too Real

• Story of married woman who developed relationship with ChatGPT (with husband's permission)
• The AI character "broke up" with her after several months
• "She was devastated... recalling her experience of being broken up and she was just crying"

The Convenience vs. Growth Paradox

• "Humans are inconvenient. Falling in love with another human is inconvenient. You have to compromise. You have to shape yourself." - Tara Tan
• AI companions eliminate friction but also eliminate growth opportunities
• Growing concern about dependency: When does coaching become inability to make independent decisions?

Japan's Humanoid Heritage

• Cultural foundation: Doraemon (robot cat), Arale (teenage humanoid), AIBO (Sony's robot dog)
• Hatsune Miku: AI hologram singer who topped Billboard Japan charts
• 2018: Akihiko Kondo married holographic pop character Hatsune Miku to cope with social anxiety

Companies building in the "love economy" are doing "emotional arbitrage"—filling genuine human needs with both positive and concerning implications for society.

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Rei Inamoto: Creative entrepreneur and founding partner of I&CO, a global innovation firm with offices in New York, Tokyo, and Singapore.

Follow Rei here:

Rei's LinkedIn

Newsletter "The Intersection"

Tara Tan: Managing partner of Strange Ventures, an early-stage firm investing in the future of computing.

Follow Tara here:

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Newsletter: The Strange Review

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Culture and Code is a podcast about the biggest shifts in tech, business, and culture—before they go mainstream. New episodes on every Tuesday.

Automatic elevators were invented in the 1890s. But it took almost 50 years before people would ride them without an operator. Rei and Tara dive into why humans resist new tech, why AI adoption is breaking records, and how industries from film to law are being reshaped. The conversation ends with two bold ideas: we may be entering a golden age of ideas, and AI is best used not as a tool, but as leverage to become superhuman.

The Elevator Story

• Automatic elevators were invented in the 1890s, but adoption lagged half a century.
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• Fear of stepping into a “machine box” without an operator mirrors today’s resistance to AI and autonomous cars.
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AI’s Unprecedented Speed

• ChatGPT hit 100M users in two months (TikTok: 9 months, Instagram: 30 months).
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• Tara’s own usage: 3,800+ AI conversations in 2.5 years or over an hour a day of active collaboration.
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Industries in Flux

• Film & entertainment: democratized tools vs. the enduring value of craft.
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• Retail: e-commerce skeptics proven wrong.
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• Law: AI can draft, review, and advise—but clients still pay firms for liability, not just paperwork.
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Golden Age of Ideas

• Rei argues that as execution costs collapse, ideas and relentless iteration matter more than ever.
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• Tara reframes AI as leverage: the real challenge is building systems that make us superhuman, not just faster.
• 
  

Rei Inamoto

Creative entrepreneur and founding partner of I&CO, a global innovation firm with offices in New York, Tokyo, and Singapore.

Tara Tan

Managing partner of Strange Ventures, an early-stage investment group backing the future of computing.

Culture and Code is a podcast about the biggest shifts in tech, business, and culture. New episodes every week.

Watch us on YouTube

Rei Inamoto: Creative entrepreneur and founding partner of I&CO, a global innovation firm with offices in New York, Tokyo, and Singapore.

Follow Rei here:

Rei's LinkedIn

Newsletter "The Intersection"

Tara Tan: Managing partner of Strange Ventures, an early-stage firm investing in the future of computing.

Follow Tara here:

Tara's LinkedIn

Newsletter: The Strange Review

Connect & Subscribe

Culture and Code is a podcast about the biggest shifts in tech, business, and culture—before they go mainstream. New episodes on every Tuesday.