In this episode of Past Is Prologue, John looks at what 250 years of American history can teach us about the rise of artificial intelligence.

Rather than treating AI as a totally unprecedented rupture, John compares it to five earlier waves of technological and economic transformation:

1. The Market Revolution of the early 1800s

2. The First Industrial Revolution and the rise of wage labor

3. The Second Industrial Revolution, corporate power, and the Progressive backlash

4. Post–World War II globalization and the hollowing out of local economies

5. The Internet and digital revolution from the mid-1990s to the 2010s

Along the way, he traces familiar patterns: displacement and “creative destruction,” the concentration of power in the hands of a few actors, the lag between innovation and regulation, the gap between tech idealism and lived reality, and how badly societies tend to fail the people least equipped to adapt.

John argues that AI fits squarely inside this historical pattern—not as an omen of inevitable utopia or apocalypse, but as another turning point where choices about policy, power, and responsibility will matter far more than hype.

If you’re trying to make sense of AI without swallowing the sales pitch from the people building and owning it, this episode is for you.