In this episode of Beyond the Code, Yitzy sits down with Steve Epstein — a distinguished systems/cybersecurity & AI engineer with roots at Bell Labs (alongside Peter Shor & Lov Grover), decades at NDS/Cisco/Synamedia, and currently working at Rafael, in Israel’s defense sector.

Steve explains, in plain English, why quantum computing threatens today’s internet (RSA, ECDH, ECDSA), what Q-Day means, and when [it might be] coming, and how post-quantum cryptography (PQC) must be rolled out across clouds, hardware, supply chains, and especially blockchains.

We cover the journey from satellite-TV smart cards and anti-piracy cat-and-mouse, to Netflix’s cloud migration and account-sharing detection (one of Steve’s 40–50 patents), to the stark reality of “harvest-now, decrypt-later”.

Bottom line: crypto agility and PQC migration have to start now if we want banking, messaging, and crypto ledgers to survive the 2029–2035 Q-Day window.

Topics & Timestamps

• 00:00 Intro — who is Steven Epstein (Bell Labs → NDS/Cisco → Rafael; 40–50 patents)

• 07:45 Smart cards, satellite TV security, and why hardware upgradability mattered

• 12:20 Cloud era: Netflix, AWS, microservices — and the collapse of legacy pay-TV models

• 18:45 Piracy at scale: finding and knocking down illegal streams (and why it barely works)

• 23:30 Quantum 101: Shor’s algorithm, RSA/ECDH/ECDSA risk, Q-Day timelines

• 31:40 PQC overview: Kyber, Dilithium, Falcon, SPHINCS+, HQC; crypto-agility in practice

• 36:50 Harvest-now/decrypt-later and why blockchains are uniquely exposed

• 41:50 Migration realities: cars, routers, military systems, supply chains

• 47:30 What to do now: prioritize PQC for wallets, ledgers, key exchanges, and messaging